Indole compounds

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to methods of inhibiting tubulin polymerization and treating cancer and other angiogenesis-related disorders with indole compounds of the formula: 
                         
wherein L 1 , L 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e  are defined herein.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/318,337, filed Dec. 12, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,316, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/340,317, filed Dec. 13, 2001. The contents of both applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Cancer treatment can be approached by several modes of therapy, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of any of these treatments. Among them, chemotherapy is indispensable for inoperable or metastatic forms of cancer.

The microtubule system of eukaryotic cells is an important target for developing anti-cancer agents. More specifically, tubulin polymerization/depolymerization is a popular target for new chemotherapeutic agents. A variety of clinically used compounds (e.g., paclitaxel, epothilone A, vinblastine, combretastatin A-4, dolastatin 10, and colchicine) target tubulin polymerization/depolymerization and disrupt cellular microtubule structures, resulting in mitotic arrest and inhibition of the growth of new vascular epithelial cells. See, e.g., Jordan et al. (1998) Med. Res. Rev. 18: 259-296. Thus, those compounds may have the ability to inhibit excessive angiogenesis, which occurs in diseases such as cancer (both solid and hematologic tumors), cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis), chronic inflammation (e.g., rheutatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease), diabetes (e.g., diabetic retinopathy), macular degeneration, psoriasis, endometriosis, and ocular disorders (e.g., corneal or retinal neovascularization). See, e.g., Griggs et al. (2002) Am. J. Pathol. 160(3): 1097-103.

Take combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) for example. CA-4, isolated by Pettit and co-workers in 1982 (Can. J. Chem. 60: 1374-1376), is one of the most potent anti-mitotic agents derived from the stem wood of the South African tree Combretum caffrum. This agent shows strong cytotoxicity against a wide variety of human cancer cells, including multi-drug resistant cancer cells. See, e.g., Pettit et al. (1995) J. Med. Chem. 38: 1666-1672; Lin et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28: 6984-6991; and Lin et al. (1988) Mol. Pharmacol. 34: 200-208. CA-4, structurally similar to colchicines, possesses a higher affinity for the colchicine binding site on tubulin than colchicine itself. Pettit et al. (1989) Experientia 45: 209-211. It also has been shown to possess anti-angiogenesis activity. See Pinney et al. WO 01/68654A2. The low water-solubility of CA-4 limits its efficacy in vivo. See, e.g., Chaplin et al. (1999) Anticancer Research 19: 189-195; and Grosios et al. (1999) Br. J. Cancer 81: 1318-1327.

Identification of compounds that also target the microtubule system (e.g., tubulin polymerization/depolymerization) can lead to new therapeutics useful in treating or preventing cancer or symptoms associated with cancer.

SUMMARY

This invention is based on the discovery that indole compounds have anti-cancer activities, and function via targeting the microtubule system (e.g., tubulin polymerization/depolymerization) or others.

In one aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the following formula:

wherein L₁ is C(O); L₂ is a bond; R₁ is aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ is H, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and R_(e) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. Note that the left atom shown in any substituted group described above is closest to the indole ring. Also note that when R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are R, the just-described indole compounds may have different R moieties. The same rule applies to other similar situations.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, a subset of these compounds features by that R_(e) is H or alkyl. In these compounds, each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H). R₁ can be 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl. In some embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is OCH₃, OCH₂CH₃, CH₃, F, or Br), and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H. R₂ can be H, OR, C(O)NRR′, C(O)OR (e.g., C(O)OC(CH₃)₃, or C(O)OC₆H₅), or SO₂R (e.g., SO₂CH₃, or SO₂(4-CO₂H—C₆H₄)). In other embodiments, R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Another subset of the indole compounds are those compounds wherein R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl).

In another aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is C(O); L₂ is a bond; R₁ is aryl or heteroaryl; R₂ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is R, halogen, nitro, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c), and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and R_(e) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, a subset of these compounds features by that R_(e) is H or alkyl. In these compounds, each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H). R₁ can be 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl. In some embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is OCH₃), and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H. R₂ can be alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl (e.g., CH₃, C₂H₅, CH₂CH═CH₂, CH₂C≡CH, or CH₂-4-pyridinyl). In other embodiments, R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Another subset of the indole compounds are those compounds wherein R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl).

In still another aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is C(O); L₂ is a bond; R₁ is aryl or heteroaryl substituted with alkyloxyl; R₂ is COR′″; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and R_(e) is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″ independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R′″ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, aryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, a subset of these compounds is featured by that R_(e) is H or alkyl. In these compounds, each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H). R₁ can be 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl. In some embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is OCH₃), and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H. R′″ is alkyl (e.g., CH₂NRR′), alkenyl (e.g., (E)-CH═CH—C₆H₅), or heteroaryl (e.g., 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, 2-furyl, or 2-thienyl). In other embodiments, R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Another subset of the indole compounds are those compounds wherein R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl).

In a further aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the formula above, L₁ is a bond; L₂ is C(O); R₁ is H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or C(O)R′″; R₂ is aryl or heteroaryl; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is H, unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and Re is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″ independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; R′″ is aryl or heteroaryl substituted with alkyloxyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, one subset features that R₁ is C(O)R′″, and another features that R₁ is H, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′. In these compounds, R₂ can be 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl (e.g., phenyl); R_(e) can be H or alkyl; and each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(b) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(c), and R_(d) is H). In some embodiments, R₂ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl). In other embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen; or R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(b) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(b) is OCH₃), and each of R_(a), R_(c), and R_(d) is H.

In another aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; L₂ is a bond; R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy; and each of R₂, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), R_(d), and R_(e), independently, R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, a subset of these compounds features by R_(e) is H or alkyl. In these compounds, each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H). R₁ can be 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl. In some embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(c) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(c) is OCH₃ or CH₃), and each of R_(a), R_(b), and R_(d) is H. In other embodiments, R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Another subset of the indole compounds are those compounds wherein R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl).

Further, in still another aspect, this invention features indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is a bond; L₂ is O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; R₂ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy; and each of R₁, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), R_(d), and R_(e), independently, R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Referring to the just-described indole compounds, a subset of these compounds features by R_(e) is H or alkyl. In these compounds, each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, can be H, alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(b) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and each of R_(a), R_(c), and R_(d) is H). R₂ can be 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl. In some embodiments, one, two, or three of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen. Preferably, one of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen, and the others are H. More preferably, R_(b) is alkyloxy, alkyl, or halogen (e.g., R_(b) is OCH₃ or CH₃), and each of R_(a), R_(c), and R_(d) is H. In other embodiments, R_(b) and R_(c) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O, and each of R_(a) and R_(d) is H, in which n is 1 or 2. Another subset of the indole compounds are those compounds wherein R₂ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl tri-substituted with alkyloxy (e.g., 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl).

This invention also features indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; L₂ is a bond; R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl di-substituted with alkyloxy; and each of R₂, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), R_(d), and R_(e), independently, R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In the just-described indole compounds, R₁ can be 3,5-dimethoxylphenyl.

Also within the scope of this invention are indole compounds of the formula above, wherein L₁ is a bond; L₂ is O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; R₂ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl or heteroaryl di-substituted with alkyloxy; and each of R₁, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), R_(d), and R_(e), independently, R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In the just-described indole compounds, R₂ can be 3,5-dimethoxylphenyl.

Unless specifically pointed out, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, and heterocyclyl mentioned herein include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties. The term “substituted” refers to one or more substituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing a hydrogen atom. Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, amino, mercapto, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alksulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, alkylamino, arylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxyl, arylcarboxyl, heteroarylcarboxyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbamido, arylcarbamido, heterocarbamido, alkylcarbamyl, arylcarbamyl, heterocarbamyl, wherein each of alkyl (including alk), alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, amino, mercapto, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarboxyl, arylcarboxyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight-chained or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, and n-pentyl. Similarly, the term “alkenyl” or “alkynyl” refers to a straight-chained or branched alkenyl or alkynyl group containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “alkyloxyl” refers to refers to an —O-alkyl radical.

The term “aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system (mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic) having at least one aromatic ring. Examples of aryl moieties include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and pyrenyl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to a hydrocarbon ring system (mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic) having at least one aromatic ring which contains at least one heteroatom such as O, N, or S as part of the ring system and the reminder being carbon. Examples of heteroaryl moieties include, but are not limited to, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, and indolyl.

The terms “cyclyl” and “heterocyclyl” refer to a partially or fully saturated mono-cyclic or bi-cyclic ring system having from 4 to 14 ring atoms. A heterocyclyl ring contains one or more heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, or S) as part of the ring system and the remainder being carbon. Exemplary cyclyl and heterocyclyl rings are cyclohexane, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, and 1,4-oxazepane.

Set forth below are exemplary compounds of this invention:

(6-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 1);

(6-Methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 2);

(6-Methoxy-1-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 3);

(1-Allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 4);

[6-Methoxy-1-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 5);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Compound 6);

(1-Methanesulfonyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 7);

[6-Methoxy-1-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 8);

[6-Methoxy-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 9);

(6-Methoxy-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 10);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (Compound 11);

1-[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-3-phenyl-propenone (Compound 12);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid phenyl ester (Compound 13);

[1-(5-Dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 14);

[1-(2-Dimethylamino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 15);

(6-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 16);

[1-(2-Amino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 17);

[1-(Furan-2-carbonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 18);

(1-Ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 19);

[6-Methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 20);

[1-(4-Chloro-benzyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 21);

(1-Benzyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 22);

(6-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 23);

(6-Bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 24);

(4,5,6-Trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 25);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indole (Compound 26);

(5-Methoxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 27);

(6-Fluoro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 28);

(5,6-Dimethoxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 29);

(5,6-Bis-benzyloxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 30);

[1,3]Dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-5-yl-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 31);

[3-(2-Dimethylamino-ethyl)-5-methoxy-indol-1-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 32);

N-{2-[5-Methoxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethyl}-acetamide (Compound 33);

(5,6-Dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 34);

(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 35);

(1,6-Dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 36);

(1-Ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 37);

(1-Allyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 38);

(5-Ethyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 39);

(5-Methyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 40);

(5-Allyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 41);

(6-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 42);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-1H-indole (Compound 43);

(6-Ethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 44);

(7-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 45);

(4-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 46);

(5-Methoxy-4-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 47);

(4,7-Dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 48);

(4,6-Dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 49);

(5,7-Dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 50);

{6-Methoxy-1-[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 51);

(6-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 52);

6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole (Compound 53);

[1-(2-Dimethylamino-ethyl)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 54),

4-[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-sulfonyl]-benzoic acid (Compound 55);

(5H-[1,3]Dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 56) {2-[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-2-oxo-ethyl}-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-yl-methyl ester (Compound 57);

[6-Methoxy-1-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 58);

[6-Methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 59);

(5-Methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 60);

(3,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(5-methoxy-indol-1-yl)-methanone (Compound 61);

(1-Benzoyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 62);

[6-Methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 63);

(5-Methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 64);

(6-Propoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 65);

(6-Isopropoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 66);

(3,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 67);

(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 68);

(6-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-phenyl-methanone (Compound 69);

[6-(3-Morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 70);

(6-{2-[2-(2-Hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 71);

[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid (Compound 72);

3-[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-propionic acid (Compound 73);

(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 74);

(5-Benzyloxy-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 75);

(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 76);

(5-Amino-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 77);

(5H-[1,3]Dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 78);

(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 79);

1-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile (Compound 80);

(5-Fluoro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 81);

(5-Nitro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 82);

(6-Methoxy-2-methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 83);

5-Methoxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indole (Compound 84);

(3,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(5-methoxy-indol-1-yl)-methanone (Compound 85);

(6-Amino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 86);

2-Methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 87);

5-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 88);

6-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 89);

4-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 90);

5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 91);

6-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 92);

4-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole (Compound 93); and

(6-Dimethylamino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 94).

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition that contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective amount of at least one of the indole compounds described above.

A further aspect of this invention relates to a method for treating cancer, e.g., carcinoma or sarcoma. The method includes administering to a subject (e.g., a human or animal) in need thereof an effective amount of an indole compound of the formula above, wherein each of L₁ and L₂, independently, is a bond, CO, O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; in which if one of L₁ and L₂ is a bond, the other one is CO, O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; each of R₁ and R₂, independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), R_(d) and R_(e), independently, R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In still another aspect, this invention features a method for inhibiting tubulin polymerization. The method includes administering to a subject (e.g., a human or animal) in need thereof an effective amount of one or more of the just-described indole compounds.

In yet another aspect, this invention features a method for treating an angiogenesis-related disorder. The method includes administering to a subject (e.g., a human or animal) in need thereof an effective amount of one or more of the just-described indole compounds.

This invention also includes a method for inhibiting cellular proliferation or inducing the killing of hyperproliferation cells. The method involves treatment of a disorder characterized by aberrant cellular proliferation or differentiation in a subject (e.g., a human or animal). The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more the just-described indole compounds.

The methods described above can also include the step of identifying that the subject is in need of treatment of diseases or disorders described above. The identification can be in the judgment of a subject or a health professional and can be subjective (e.g., opinion) or objective (e.g., measurable by a test or a diagnostic method).

All of the indole compounds described above include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts and their prodrugs, if applicable. The salts, for example, can be formed between a positively charged substituent (e.g., amino) on a compound and an anion. Suitable anions include, but are not limited to, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and acetate. Likewise, a negatively charged substituent (e.g., carboxylate) on a compound can form a salt with a cation. Suitable cations include, but are not limited to, sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as teteramethylammonium ion. Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing the indole compounds described above (see Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, 8^(th) ed., McGraw-Hill, Int. Ed. 1992, “Biotransformation of Drugs”).

In addition, some of the just-described indole compounds have one or more double bonds, or one or more asymmetric centers. Such compounds can occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers, diastereomeric mixtures, and cis- or trans- or E- or Z-double bond isomeric forms.

Further, the aforementioned indole compounds also include their N-oxides. The term “N-oxides” refers to one or more nitrogen atoms, when present in an indole compound, are in N-oxide form, i.e., N→O.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable indole compounds without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., treating cancer).

Also within the scope of this invention are a composition containing one or more of the indole compounds described above for use in treating diseases or disorders described above, and the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament for the aforementioned treatment.

Other features or advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments, and also from the appending claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The indole compounds described above can be prepared by methods well known in the art, as well as by the synthetic routes disclosed herein. For example, as shown in Scheme 1 below, one can couple an indole compound with an acyl chloride. The 6-position of the starting indole compound can be alkyloxy, e.g., OCH₃. The 2, 4, 5, and 7-positions of the starting indole may be substituted. The product of the coupling reaction, referred to simply as an “indol-3-yl-aryl-methanone” for brevity, can be converted to a 1-substituted-indol-3-yl-aryl-methanone by coupling the indol-3-yl-aryl-methanone with a halide, e.g., R_(e)COCl, R_(e)CH₂Cl, or R_(e)SO₂Cl. Alternatively, the indol-3-yl-aryl-methanone can be reduced to an indol-3-yl-aryl-methane, which can be further reacted with a halide to produce a 1-substituted, indol-3-yl-aryl-methane. Once again, although the 2, 4, 5, and 7-positions of the starting indole compound may be substituted, the compounds are referred to as 1-substituted-indol-3-yl-aryl-methane for brevity.

In another example, as shown in Scheme 2 below, one can couple an indole compound with an acyl chloride in the presence of a base (e.g., NaO^(t)Bu). The 5-position of the starting indole can be alkyloxy, e.g., OCH₃. The 2, 4, 6, and 7-positions of the indole may be H, or substituted. The coupling reaction produces an indol-1-yl-aryl-methanone of interest. The product of the coupling reaction can be reduced to an indol-1-yl-aryl-methane.

If preferred, indole compounds having other types of L₁ or L₂ can be prepared by similar coupling reactions. See the specific examples below

The chemicals used in the above-described synthetic routes may include, for example, solvents, reagents, catalysts, and protecting group and deprotecting group reagents. The methods described above may also additionally include steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the indole compounds. In addition, various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing applicable indole compounds are known in the art and include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) and subsequent editions thereof.

Details of synthesis of Compounds 1-54 of this invention are described in Examples 1-54, respectively.

An indole compound thus obtained can be further purified by flash column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, or crystallization.

Also within the scope of this invention is a pharmaceutical composition that contains an effective amount of at least one indole compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further, this invention covers a method of administering to a subject in need of treating cancer an effective amount of an indole compounds described in the “Summary” section. Included in this invention are a method for inhibiting tubulin polymerization, a method for treating an angiogenesis-related disorder, and a method for inhibiting cellular proliferation or inducing the killing of hyperproliferation cells. Each of these methods includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the aforementioned indole compounds.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” is defined as the application or administration of a composition including an indole compound to a subject, who has a disorder (e.g., cancer), a symptom of the disorder, a disease or disorder secondary to the disorder, or a predisposition toward the disorder, with the purpose to cure, alleviate, relieve, remedy, or ameliorate the disorder, the symptom of the disorder, the disease or disorder secondary to the disorder, or the predisposition toward the disorder. “An effective amount” refers to an amount of an indole compound which confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject. The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurably by some tests or markers) or subjective (i.e., a subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described in Freireich et al., (1966) Cancer Chemother Rep 50: 219. Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardley, N.Y., 1970, 537. An effective amount of the indole compounds can range from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg. Effective doses will also vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the types of tumors treated, route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatments such as use of other anti-cancer agents or radiation therapy. Examples of the other anti-cancer agents are paclitaxel, docitaxel, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, melphalan, cis-platin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, vincristine, ifosfamide, teniposide, etoposide, bleomycin, leucovorin, cytarabine, dactinomycin, interferon alpha, streptozocin, prednisolone, procarbazine, irinotecan, topotecan, colony stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, 1,3-bis-2-chloroethyl-1-nitroso-urea, and imatinib mesylate.

As used herein, the terms “cancer” and “hyperproliferative” refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. Hyperproliferative disease states may be categorized as pathologic, i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic, i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. “Pathologic hyperproliferative” cells occur in disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth. Examples of non-pathologic hyperproliferative cells include proliferation of cells associated with wound repair.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, or metastatic disorders. The indole compounds described above are useful for the treatment of disease caused or exascerbated by cell proliferation. As cell proliferation inhibitors, these compounds are useful in the treatment of both primary and metastatic solid tumors and carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, lung, oropharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, small intestine, urinary tract including kidney, bladder and urothelium, female genital tract including cervix, uterus, ovaries, choriocarcinoma, and gestational trophoblastic disease, male genital tract including prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and germ cell tumors, endocrine glands including thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary, skin including hemangiomas, melanomas, sarcomas arising from bone or soft tissues including Kaposi's sarcoma, tumors of the brain, nerves, and eyes, meninges including astrocytomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, retinoblastomas, neuromas, neuroblastomas, Schwannomas and meningiomas, solid tumors arising from hematopoietic malignancies including leukemias and chloromas, plasmacytomas, plaques, tumors of mycosis fingoides, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/leukemia, lymphomas including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid, immune and degenerative arthritis, ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, rubeosis, retinal neovascularization due to macular degeneration, hypoxia, abnormal neovascularization conditions of the eye, skin diseases including psoriasis, blood vessel diseases including hemagiomas and capillary proliferation within atherosclerotic plaques, Osler-Webber Syndrome, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma, and wound granulation. In addition, cancer can be a drug resistance phenotype wherein cancer cells express P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated proteins, lung cancer resistance-associated proteins, breast cancer resistance proteins, or other proteins associated with resistance to anti-cancer drugs.

The term “angiogenesis” refers to the growth of new blood vessels—an important natural process occurring in the body. In many serious diseases states, the body loses control over angiogenesis. Angiogenesis-dependent diseases result when new blood vessels grow excessively. Examples of angiogenesis-related disorders include cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis), chronic inflammation (e.g., rheutatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease), diabetes (e.g., diabetic retinopathy), macular degeneration, psoriasis, endometriosis, and ocular disorders (e.g., corneal or retinal neovascularization).

To practice the method of the present invention, the above-described pharmaceutical composition can be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrastemal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

A sterile injectable composition, e.g., a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension, can be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium (e.g., synthetic mono- or diglycerides). Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions can also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents. Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens or Spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms can also be used for the purposes of formulation.

A composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient can be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase combined with emulsifying or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents can be added. A nasal aerosol or inhalation composition can be prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and can be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. An indole compound-containing composition can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.

The carrier in the pharmaceutical composition must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the active ingredient of the formulation (and preferably, capable of stabilizing it) and not deleterious to the subject to be treated. For example, solubilizing agents such as cyclodextrins, which form specific, more soluble complexes with the indole compounds, or one or more solubilizing agents, can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of the indole compounds. Examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow # 10.

The indole compounds can be preliminarily screened for their efficacy in treating cancer by one or more of the following in vitro assays.

In one assay, an indole compound is tested for its cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells (a breast carcinoma cell line). More specifically, cells are incubated with a test compound for 24 hr. The cytotoxic effect can be determined using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) assay method described in Goodwin et al. (1995, J. Immunol. Methods. 179: 95-103). Cytotoxicity of the test compound is expressed in terms of IC₅₀ values (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of cell growth).

In another assay, an indole compound is tested for its cytotoxicity in cell cultures and polymerization of tubulin in the absence of GTP. The cytotoxicity is determined using the turbidimetric assay of microtubule protein described by Lopes et al. (1997 Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 41: 37-47). Tubulin polymerization is monitored spectrophotometrically by following changes in turbidity as a measure of polymer mass.

The anti-cancer activity of an indole compound can be further assessed using an in vivo animal model. See the specific example below.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that the above description has adequately enabled the present invention. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All of the publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of Compound 1: (6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a mixture of 6-methoxyindole (0.3 g, 2.03 mmol) and anhydrous ZnCl₂ (0.56 g, 4.07 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), EtMgBr (0.9 ml, 3 M) was added over 10 min at room temperature. The obtained suspension was stirred for 1 hr. To the suspension, the solution of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl chloride/CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) was added dropwisely during 5 min for a coupling reaction. The reaction mixture continued stirring for another 1 hr and AlCl₃ (0.27 g, 2.03 mmol) was added. The resultant thick mixture was vigorously stirred for 5 hr while monitoring by TLC (EtOAc: n-hexane=1:1). The reaction was quenched with H₂O (10 ml) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL×3). The combined extracts was dried by MgSO₄, and evaporated to give a brown oil which was chromatographed (silica gel; EtOAc: n-hexane=1:1) to afford Compound 1 (0.5 g, 72%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 6.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 9.80 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 342 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of Compound 2: (6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 2 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.45 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 9.36 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 326 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of Compound 3: (6-methoxy-1-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a stirred solution of Compound 1 (0.07 g, 0.20 mmol), NaOtBu (0.08 g, 0.82 mmol), and 4-picoyl chloride hydrochloride (0.06 g, 0.41 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was heated to reflux. After 15 hr, the reaction mixture was evaporated, and the residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL×3). The combined extracts were dried by MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a yellow oil which was chromatographied by silica gel (EtOAc: n-hexane=2:1) to afford Compound 3 (0.10 g, 83%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 6.64 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.10-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 433 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of Compound 4: (1-allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 4 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 4.69-4.71 (m, 2H), 5.12-5.28 (m, 2H), 5.94-6.03 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 382 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis of Compound 5: [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a solution of Compound 1 (0.1 g, 0.29 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added NaOtBu (0.11 g, 1.17 mmol) in a portion and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The resulting dark green mixture was added picolinoyl chloride hydrochloride (0.1 g, 0.58 mmol) and then kept stirring at room temperature. After 15 hr, the reaction mixture was evaporated, and the residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL×3). The combined extracts were dried by MgSO₄ and evaporated to get a yellow oil which was chromatographed by silica gel (EtOAc n-hexane=1:1) to afford Compound 5 (0.11 g, 90%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.94 (s, 12H), 7.09 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 2H), 7.53-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.95-8.00 (m, 1H), 8.16-8.19 (m, 3H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.66-8.69 (m, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 455 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis of Compound 6: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

Compound 6 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.68 (s, 9H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 442 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of Compound 7: (1-methanesulfonyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 7 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 9H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 7.09 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 420 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of Compound 8: [6-methoxy-1-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 8 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.58-3.61 (m, 4H), 3.73-3.76 (m, 4H), 3.87 (s, 9H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 6.98 (dd, J=8.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 455 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of Compound 9: [6-methoxy-1-(2-piperidin-1-vi-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 9 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.42-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.60 (m, 4H), 2.44 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J=8.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 453 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of Compound 10: (6-methoxy-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 10 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.88 (s, 9H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 5.66 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.95-7.16 (m, 5H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 380 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of Compound 11: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide

Compound 11 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.12 (s, 6H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 413 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of Compound 12: 1-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-3-phenyl-propenone

Compound 12 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.91 (s, 6H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.61-7.64 (m, 2H), 8.02-8.11 (m, 4H).

MS (EI): m/z 472 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of Compound 13: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid phenyl ester

Compound 13 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 7.05 (dd, J=8.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 2H), 7.28-7.37 (m, 3H0, 7.46-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 462 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of Compound 14: [1-(5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 14 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.83 (s, 6H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 6.95 (dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.55 (m, 2H), 8.10 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.22-8.31 (m, 2H), 8.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 575 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of Compound 15: [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 15 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.30 (s, 6H), 2.75 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 9H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 4.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 413 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of Compound 16: (6-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 16 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 9H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 6.80 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis of Compound 17: [1-(2-amino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 17 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.93 (br, 2H, NH₂), 3.15 (br, 2H), 3.89 (s, 9H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 4.19 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 385 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis of Compound 18: [1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 18 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.91 (s, 9H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.67 (dd, J=3.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=3.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=1.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H0, 8.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 436 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis of Compound 19: (1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 19 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.49 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 3.88 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.15 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 370 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of Compound 20: [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 20 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.48 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 4H), 2.79 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 4H), 3.87 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 455 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 21 Synthesis of Compound 21: [1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 21 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 466 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 22 Synthesis of Compound 22: (1-benzyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 22 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.82 (s, 9H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 3H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 432 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis of Compound 23: (6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 23 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 7.06-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.28 (dd, J=9.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.19-8.23 (m, 1H), 12.06 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 330 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 24 Synthesis of Compound 24: (6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 24 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 12.13 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 390 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 25 Synthesis of Compound 25: (4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 25 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 11.69 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 402 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 26 Synthesis of Compound 26: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indole

To a stirred solution of (6-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone (Compound 1) (90 mg, 0.26 mmol) and NaBH₄(98 mg, 2.6 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was heated to reflux. After 24 h, the reaction mixture was quenched by H₂O at 0° C. and extracted by CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL×3). The combined organic layer was dried by MgSO₄, then chromatographed under the conditions (EA: n-hexane=1:2) to afford Compound 26 as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.79 (s, 9), 3.83 (s 3H), 4.02 (s, 2H), 6.52 (s, 2H), 6.77 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 328 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis of Compound 27: (5-methoxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a solution of 5-methoxyindole (1 g, 6.79 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added NaO^(t)Bu (0.98 g, 10.19 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl chloride (2.35 g, 10.19 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture in one portion. After 15 hr, it was evaporated, and the residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL×3). The combined extracts were dried by MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a yellow oil which was chromatographed by silica gel (EtOAc: n-hexane=1:3) to afford Compound 26 (2.03 g, 88%) as a pale white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.91 (s, 9H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.56 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 342 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of Compound 28: (6-fluoro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 28 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 6.60 (dd, J=3.6, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 2H), 7.05-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.55 (m, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J=10.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 330 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 29 Synthesis of Compound 29: (5,6-dimethoxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 29 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 6.51 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 372 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 30 Synthesis of Compound 30: (5,6-bis-benzyloxy-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 30 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.40 (m, 6H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 4H), 8.14 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 524 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 31 Synthesis of Compound 31: [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-5-yl-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 31 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.93 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (m, 3H), 7.23 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 32 Synthesis of Compound 32: [3-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-5-methoxy-indol-1-yl]-(3,45-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 32 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.5 (s, 6H), 2.86-2.95 (m, 4H), 3.83 (s, 9H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.88 (s, 2H), 6.89-6.92 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 9.25 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 413 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 33 Synthesis of Compound 33: N-{2-[5-Methoxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethyl}-acetamide

Compound 33 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.92 (s, 3H), 2.86 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (dd, J=6.6, 13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 9H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 5.84 (br, 1H, NH), 6.97 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 427 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 34 Synthesis of Compound 34: (5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 34 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 372 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 35 Synthesis of Compound 35: (5-methoxy-2-methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 35 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.41 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 9H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.34 (t, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J=9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 356(M+H).

EXAMPLE 36 Synthesis of Compound 36: (1,6-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 36 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 16.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.52 (s, 3H), 3.82 (2, 3H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.18˜7.15 (m, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 340 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 37 Synthesis of Compound 37: (1-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 37 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 36.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.52 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.20 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 354 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 38 Synthesis of Compound 38: (1-allyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 38 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 4.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.51 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.75 (dt, J=5.4, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 5.26 (dt, J=5.4, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 5.174 (dd, J=17.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=10.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.18˜7.15 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 366 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 39 Synthesis of Compound 39: (5-ethyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 39 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 37.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.47 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.132 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 384 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 40 Synthesis of Compound 40: (5-methyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 40 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 36.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.01 (s, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 370 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 41 Synthesis of Compound 41: (5-allyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 41 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 38.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.69 (dt, J=5.4, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 5.15 (dd, J=17, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.03˜5.94 (m, 3H), 7.68 (d, J=1 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1 Hz, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 396 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 42 Synthesis of Compound 42: (6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 42 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.52 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 6.73 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 43 Synthesis of Compound 43: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-1H-indole

Compound 43 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 36.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 6.37 (s, 2H), 6.82 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); 7.47 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 346 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 44 Synthesis of Compound 44: (6-ethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 44 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.47 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 3.9 (s, 6H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 4.09 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 45 Synthesis of Compound 45: (7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 45 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 6.78 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 8.96 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 342 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 46 Synthesis of Compound 46: (4-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 46 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.79 (s, 6H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.66 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 342 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 47 Synthesis of Compound 47: (5-Methoxy-4-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 47 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.56 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 2H), 7.22 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 9.10 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 48 Synthesis of Compound 48: (4,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 48 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.51 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.17 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 372 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 49 Synthesis of Compound 49: (4,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 49 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.33 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 9.17 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 372 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 50 Synthesis of Compound 50: (5,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 50 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.85˜3.97 (m, 15H), 6.46 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (br, 1H, NH).

MS(EI): m/z 372 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 51 Synthesis of Compound 51: {6-methoxy-1-[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 51 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 9.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 2H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=6.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (dd, J=6.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.08 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 541 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 52 Synthesis of Compound 52: (6-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 52 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 6.80 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.95 (br, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 328 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 53 Synthesis of Compound 53: 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole

Compound 53 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 6.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J=8.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 9.11 (br, s, 1H).

MS(EI): m/z 378 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 54 Synthesis of Compound 54: [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 54 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 15.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.29 (s, 6H), 2.70 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 4.15 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 7.41 (s, 3H).

MS(EI): m/z 473 (M+H).

EXAMPLES 55-61 Syntheses of Compounds 55-61

Compounds 55 and 56 were prepared in manners similar to those described in Examples 14 and 44, respectively. Compounds 57-58 were prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 5. Compounds 60 and 61 were prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 27.

EXAMPLE 62 Synthesis of Compound 62: (1-benzoyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

To a solution of Compound 1 (100 mg, 0.29 mmol) in THF (5 mL), potassium tert-butoxide (50 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added under vigorous stirring at 0° C. over 15 min, and then benzoyl chloride (51 μL, 0.44 mmol) was slowly added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h. After evaporation of the solvent, water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc (20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude product, which was purified by silica-gel chromatography (EtOAc: n-hexane=1:3) to afford Compound 62 as a white solid.

m.p. 136.3˜138.1° C.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 7.05 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 7.49-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 55.6, 56.1, 60.9, 99.6, 106.1, 114.3, 119.9, 121.7, 122.6, 128.6, 128.8, 132.4, 132.8, 133.2, 133.9, 137.2, 141.3, 152.6, 158.5, 168.4, 189.2.

MS (FAB+) m/z: 446 (M+1).

EXAMPLE 63 Synthesis of Compound 63: [6-Methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 63 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 5.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.91 (s, 9H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.08 (dd, J=1.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 7.21 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=4.8, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=1.8, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=4.8, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 452 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 64 Synthesis of Compound 64: (5-Methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 64 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.47 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.55 (dd, J=0.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=1.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 326 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 65 Synthesis of Compound 65: (6-Propoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 65 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.81 (h, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.91 (m, 3H), 6.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 9.61 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 370 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 66 Synthesis of Compound 66: (6-Isopropoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 66 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.28 (d, J=6 Hz, 6H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.48 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 9.75 (br, 1H, NH).

EXAMPLE 67 Synthesis of Compound 67: (3,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Compound 67 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1H NMR: 3.84 (s, 6H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.64 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 312 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 68 Synthesis of Compound 68: (3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Compound 68 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 6.81 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (dd, J=2.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.25 (br, 1H, NH). MS (EI): m/z 312 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 69 Synthesis of Compound 69: (6-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-phenyl-methanone

Compound 69 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.91 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.57 (m, 4H), 7.82 (dd, J=6.6, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 8.29 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 252 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 70 Synthesis of Compound 70: [6-(3-Morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 70 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 2.02 (m, 2H), 2.49-z2.60 (m, 6H), 2.02 (m, 2H), 3.74 (m, 4H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.06 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.77 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 455 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 71 Synthesis of Compound 71: (6-{2-[2-(2-Hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 71 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (CD3OD), δ (ppm): 3.54-3.80 (m, 8H), 3.88-3.91 (m, 11H), 4.17-4.20 (m., 2H), 6.93 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 460 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 72 Synthesis of Compound 72: [6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 72 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 6H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 400 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 73 Synthesis of Compound 73: 3-[6-Methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-propionic acid

Compound 73 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 3.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.90 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 4.40 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 414 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 74 Synthesis of Compound 74: (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-(6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Compound 74 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 6H), 5.84 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17, (s, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 329 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 75 Synthesis of Compound 75: (5-Benzyloxy-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 75 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.26-7.52 (m, 5H), 7.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.70 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 448 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 76 Synthesis of Compound 76: (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Compound 76 was prepared from compound 75 reacting with Pd/C and H₂.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.90 (s, 9H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 2H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 358 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 77 Synthesis of Compound 77: (5-Amino-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 77 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.89 (s, 9H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 357 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 78 Synthesis of Compound 78: (5H-[1,3]Dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 78 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.94 (s, 9H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 2H), 9.23 (br, 1H, NH).

MS (EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 79 Synthesis of Compound 79: (5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 79 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.54 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.83 (dd, J=8.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=2.4, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (br, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 80 Synthesis of Compound 80:1-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile

Compound 80 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 6.63 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). MS (EI): m/z 337 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 81 Synthesis of Compound 81: (5-Fluoro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 81 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 6.57 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 7.09 (td, J=9.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (dd, J=9.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 330 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 82 Synthesis of Compound 82: (5-Nitro-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 82 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.77 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (dd, J=9.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 357 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 83 Synthesis of Compound 83: (6-Methoxy-2-methyl-indol-1-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 83 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.34 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 6.34 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 356 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 84 Synthesis of Compound 84: 5-Methoxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-1H-indole

Compound 84 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 6.30 (s, 2H), 6.45 (dd, J=3.0, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz)

MS (EI): m/z 328 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 85 Synthesis of Compound 85: (3,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-(5-methoxy-indol-1-yl)-methanone

Compound 85 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 27.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.52 (dd, J=3.6, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 312 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 86 Synthesis of Compound 86: (6-Amino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 86 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.09 (NH₂, br, 2H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.72 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (NH, br, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 327 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 87 Synthesis of Compound 87: 2-Methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 87 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) □δ 2.33 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 6.24 (s, 2H), 7.02˜7.32 (m, 3H), 7.79 (s, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 314 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 88 Synthesis of Compound 88: 5-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 88 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)□δ 2.32 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 6H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 6.21 (s, 3H), 6.73˜6.78 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 344 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 89 Synthesis of Compound 89: 6-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 89 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)□δ 2.28 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 6.21 (s, 2H), 6.67 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 344 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 90 Synthesis of Compound 90: 4-Methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 90 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.26 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 6.20 (s, 2H), 6.43 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 344 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 91 Synthesis of Compound 91: 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 91 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)□δ 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 6.19 (s, 2H), 6.82˜6.85 (m, 1H), 6.87˜6.94 (m, 1H), 7.15˜7.18 (m, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 332 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 92 Synthesis of Compound 92: 6-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 92 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)□δ 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 6H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 6.19 (s, 2H), 6.65˜6.70 (m, 1H), 7.00˜7.05 (m, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 332 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 93 Synthesis of Compound 93: 4-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole

Compound 93 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 43.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 6.21 (s, 2H), 6.78˜6.81 (m, 1H), 6.95˜6.98 (m, 1H), 7.17˜7.20 (m, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z 332 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 94 Synthesis of Compound 94: (6-Dimethylamino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone

Compound 94 was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 6.64 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J=2.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 9.46 (br, 1H).

MS (EI): m/z 355 (M+H)

EXAMPLE 95 In Vitro Assays

Cell Growth Inhibition Assay: A number of indole compounds described in the “Summary” section were tested on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, KB oral epidermoid carcinoma cells, HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, Hepa-G2 hepatic cells, MKN-45 stomach carcinomas cells, and H460 lung carcinoma cells according to the procedures described below.

Tumor cells were maintained in plastic dishes in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. For in vitro treatment, they were seeded in 100 μL of culture medium/well in 96-well plates to a final cell density of 6×10³ cell/μL and incubated in a CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 24 h. The cells were treated with each test indole compound of at least five different concentrations, and incubated in a CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 72 h. The number of viable cells was estimated using the MTS assay and absorbance was measured at 490 nm. Duplicate experiments were carried out three times. The IC₅₀ value of each compound was calculated. The IC₅₀ value is an average of those obtained from the three duplicate experiments.

Unexpectedly, many of the test compounds had IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μM. Some compounds even had IC₅₀ values low than 10 nM.

Cell Growth Inhibition Assay on Multiple-drug Resistant Human Cancer Lines: Indole compounds were tested against several panels of drug-resistant cell lines. It is well known that several anti-mitotic agents, including vinca alkaloid (vincristine, vinblastine) and taxol, have been introduced in clinic to treat various human cancers. Vinca alkaloid resistance has been attributed to a number of mechanisms associated with multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype including overexpression of p-glycoprotein and the multi-drug resistant-associated protein (MRP). The mechanisms responsible for taxol resistance include overexpression of p-glycoprotein and mutation of tubulin. For comparison, three anti-mitotic agents, i.e., Vincristine, VP-16, Cisplatin, CPT (camptothecin), and Taxol (paclitaxel) were also tested against several panels of drug-resistant cell lines.

KB-Vin10, a vincristine-resistant cell line derived from its parental cell line KB, showed over expression of p-glycoprotein. HONECis-6, derived from cell line HONE-1, showed resistant to an alkylating agent such as cisplatin. The mechanism of the cisplatin-resistance is under investigation. KB100, i.e., camptotnecin (CPT)-resistant cell line, displayed down regulation of topoisomerase I and an undefined mechanism responsible for drug resistance. The mechanisms responsible for VP16-resistance (KB7D) were down-regulation of topoisomerase II and overexpression of MRP 1. CPT30, a CPT-resistant cell line showed quantitatively and qualitative change of topoisomerase I. KBtaxol-5 showed mutation of tubulin.

A number of indole compounds were tested on multi-drug resistant cancer cells, such as KB-Vin10, HONECis-6, KB-100, KB7D, and KBtaxol-5, according to the procedures similar to those described above. Some test compounds showed strong cytotoxicity against the multi-drug resistant cancer cells (e.g., IC50<100 nm).

Tubulin Polymerization Assay: Turbidimetric assays of microtubule were performed as described by Lopes et al. (1997, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 41: 37-47) and manual of Cytoskeleton with some modification. MAP-rich tubulin (2 mg/ml) was preincubated in polymerization buffer (0.1 M PIPES, pH 6.9, 1 mM MgCl₂) with drug at 4° C. for 2 min before the addition of 1 mM GTP. The samples were then rapidly warmed to 37° C. in a 96-well plate thermostatically controlled spectrophotometer and measuring the change at 350 nm with time. Results show that a test indole compound of 2 μM inhibited tubulin polymerization.

EXAMPLE 96 In Vivo Assay

Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) Assay for Antiangiogenic Potency: Test compounds were dissolved in a 2.5% aqueous agarose solution (final concentration: 1-20 mg/mL). For the preparation of the pellets, 10 μL of these solutions were applied dropwise on circular Teflon supports of 3 mm in diameter and then cooled to room temperature at once. After incubation at 37° C. and relative humidity of 80% for 65-70 h, the fertilized hens' eggs were positioned in a horizontal position and rotated several times. Before the opening on the snub side, 10 mL of albumin were aspirated from a hole on the pointed side. At two-third of the height (from the pointed side), the eggs were traced with a scalpel, and the shells were removed with forceps. The aperture (cavity) was covered with keep-fresh film, and the eggs were incubated at 37° C. at a relative humidity of 80% for 75 h. When the formed CAM had approximately a diameter of 2 cm, one pellet (1 pellet/egg) was placed on it. The eggs were incubated for 1 day and subsequently evaluated under the stereomicroscope. Three compounds were tested, and all show anti-angiogenesis activities.

Other Embodiments

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. For example, compounds structurally analogous to the indole compounds of this invention also can be made, screened for their anti-cancer activities, and used to practice this invention. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims. 

1. A method for treating cancer selected from the group consisting of gastric carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, leukemia, breast cancer, colon carcinoma, liver cancer, lung cancer, oropharynx cancer, hypopharynx cancer, and oral epidermoid carcinoma, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the following formula:

wherein L₁ is C(O), and L₂ is a bond, C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; in which if L₂ is a bond, the other one is C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; R₁ is 5, 6, or 7-member aryl tri-substituted with alkoxy, and R₂ is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and R_(e) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryly, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein L₂ is a bond; and R₂ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein L₂ is a bond.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein L₂ is a bond; R₂ is COR′″; R′″ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is (6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester; (1-methanesulfonyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide; 1-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-3-phenyl-propenone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid phenyl ester; [1-(5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-amino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1,6-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-ethyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-allyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-1H-indole; (6-ethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-4-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {6-methoxy-1-[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 4-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-sulfonyl]-benzoic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {2-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-2-oxo-ethyl}-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-yl-methyl ester; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzoyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-propoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-isopropoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-{2-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid; 3-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-propionic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-amino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; or (6-dimethylamino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone.
 7. A method for inhibiting tubulin polymerization, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the following formula:

wherein L₁ is C(O), and L₂, is a bond, C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; in which if L₂ is a bond, the other one is C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; R₁ is aryl, and R₂, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′,NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d), independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; and R_(e) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein R₁ is 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein L₂ is a bond; and R₂ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein L₂ is a bond.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein L₂ is a bond; and R₂ is COR′″; R′″ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the compound is (6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester; (1-methanesulfonyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide; 1-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-3-phenyl-propenone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid phenyl ester; [1-(5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-amino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1,6-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-ethyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-allyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-1H-indole; (6-ethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-4-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {6-methoxy-1-[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 4-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-sulfonyl]-benzoic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {2-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-2-oxo-ethyl}-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-yl-methyl ester; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzoyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-propoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-isopropoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-{2-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid; 3-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-propionic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-amino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; or (6-dimethylamino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone.
 13. A method for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the following formula:

wherein L₁ is C(O), and L₂is a bond, C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; in which if L₂ is a bond, the other one is C(O), O, S, NR, SO₂, or CH₂; R₁ is aryl, and R₂is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′; each of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) independently, is R, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′, NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NRC(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, C(O)NRR′, or R_(b) and R_(c), R_(a) and R_(b), or R_(c) and R_(d) taken together are O(CH₂)_(n)O; R_(e) is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, isothionitro, OR, OC(O)R, OC(O)OR, OC(O)NRR′, SO₂R, SO₃R, SO₂NRR′, SR, NRR′,NRSO₂NR′R″, NRSO₂R′, NRSO₃R′, NCR(O)R′, NRC(O)NR′R″, NRC(O)OR′, NRC(N)NR′,R″, C(O)R, C(O)OR, or C(O)NRR′; in which each of R, R′, and R″, independently, is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein R₁ is 3,4,5-trimethoxylphenyl.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein L₂ is a bond; and R₂ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein L₂ is a bond.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein L₂ is a bond; and R₂ is COR′″; R′″ is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound is (6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester; (1-methanesulfonyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide; 1-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-3-phenyl-propenone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid phenyl ester; [1-(5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(2-amino-ethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1,6-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-ethyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-allyl-6-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-ethyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-allyl-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-1H-indole; (6-ethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (7-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-4-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (4,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5,7-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {6-methoxy-1-[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole; [1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 4-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indole-1-sulfonyl]-benzoic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; {2-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-2-oxo-ethyl}-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-yl-methyl ester; [6-methoxy-1-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (1-benzoyl-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-propoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-isopropoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-{2-[2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; [6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid; 3-[6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-indol-1-yl]-propionic acid; (5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; (6-amino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone; 2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 6-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; 4-fluoro-2-methyl-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-1H-indole; or (6-dimethylamino-1H-indol-3-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-methanone. 